Index
A
Aaronic Priesthood: age for, 201; and bishop’s youth council, 197; religious instruction in, 224; teachers in, 18; theme, 320; and young men’s program, 48, 206, 318, 351n92
Aaronic Priesthood Mutual Improvement Association (APMIA), 200 (illus.), 201, 203–206, 207 (illus.)
abstinence and chastity, 117, 121, 164–165, 185, 256, 281, 292–294, 296, 375n96
achievement programs: for Bee-Hive Girls, 149, 198 (illus.), 256; Behold Thy Handmaiden program, 212–213, 215; Children and Youth program, 317–318; for Gleaner Girls, 130, 149; for Junior Gleaners, 148, 149; for Laurel class, 256; for Mia Maids, 146–148, 149, 256; My Personal Progress program, 215–216, 227, 236, 237; and performance demonstrations, 129–130; Personal Achievement program, 211–212. See also Personal Progress program
Adams, Caroline R., 351n85
Addams, Jane, 78
Adei-Manu, Elizabeth, 290
Adler, Felix, 78
adolescence, defining, 10–12, 51–52, 129
Adult class, 340
Advanced Senior class, 96–97, 340
Africa: family culture in, 275; youth programs in, 267, 278, 283, 290, 290–291, 296–298
age: of adolescence, 10–12, 51–52, 129; of adulthood, 201; for dating, 184, 185; for entry into mission service, 298, 299–300; for entry into youth programs, 94–95, 145–146, 317; generational dynamics, 9–12, 28–28, 77, 83, 301, 353n8, 394n41; and leadership, 54; and marriage, 10, 38, 54, 93, 163, 276, 355n74
Albania, youth programs in, 290, 291
alcohol consumption, 70–71, 134, 149, 275
All-Church Coordinating Council: establishment of, 178; goals of, 182–184; Youth Correlation Committee initiatives, 185–187
Alldridge, Ann Blunt, 12
Allen, Rebecca, 350n71
Allred, Silvia Henriquez, 284, 285, 391n100
American Red Cross, 76, 136, 138
Ames, Alycia, 308
anniversary celebrations: pioneer centennial (1947), 141; Young Women centennial (1969), 194–196, 195 (illus.); Young Women Jubilee (1925), 87–89; Young Women sesquicentennial (2020), 322
Annual Day (Dime Day), 42–43, 356n103. See also MIA Day
APMIA (Aaronic Priesthood Mutual Improvement Association), 200 (illus.), 201, 203–204, 204–206, 207 (illus.)
apostles. See Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Argentina, youth programs in, 252 (illus.), 290
Articles of Faith, 180, 377n16
Asay, Carlos E., 242
Ashton, Marvin J., 184
Ashton, Wendell, 183
athletic programs, 64, 152–155, 154 (illus.), 390n77
attendance records, 146, 149–150, 172
Australia: pandemic in, 323; youth programs in, 172
authority. See leadership
auxiliary status of church organizations, 74–76, 238–239, 318, 362n112
awards. See achievement programs
Aza, Camila Ortega, 299–300, 307
Aza, Erika, 269–271, 287, 290, 299
Azevedo, Lex de, 250
B
Babcock, Maud May, 40, 41 (illus.), 84
Backman, Robert L., 204, 207 (illus.)
Baird, Jim, 254
Baird, Louise Olsen, 254
Ballard, Melvin J., 100, 101, 121
balloon release event (1986), 251–253, 252 (illus.)
balls (Gold and Green Balls), 83–84, 124, 152, 162 (illus.)
baptism, 193
baptisms for the dead, 93–94, 193, 305–308, 319
Barney, Elvira Stevens, 3–4, 348n4
Barnhurst, Mary Anna, 351n85
Barnhurst, Priscilla, 24
Bateman, Merrill J., 292
Battista, Verónica, 290
Beck, Julie Bangerter, 284, 285, 291, 391n100
Beckham, Janette Callister Hales, 265, 271, 292, 335
Bednar, David A., 307
Bee-Hive Girls: achievement awards, 149, 198 (illus.), 256; age range for, 94–95, 145–146, 340; beehive symbolism, 72–73, 361n95; camps, 138–139, 141, 155; discontinuation of, 318; establishment of, 71–72; femininity ideals, 81, 167; health diaries, 81–82; in missions, xi, 110–113, 127; plays about, 86; purpose and curriculum, 73–74, 167–168, 340; scrapbook projects, 108; temple trips, 93; value experiences, 256; war service pin, 76
Bee-Hive Girl’s Fantasy, A (Marguerite Gordon and Velma Wing), 86
Beehive House (Salt Lake City), 132–133
Beekhuizen, Willy, 189
Beesley, Clarissa A., 78–79, 100, 102, 122, 127, 368n57
Behold Thy Handmaiden program, 212–213, 215. See also My Personal Progress program
Bennett, Emily Higgs, 145, 149
Bennett, Rosetta Wallace, 96, 101, 118, 355n82, 368n57
Bennion, Anne, 251
Bennion, Jane, 251
Bennion, Katie, 258
Bennion, Rebecca, 251, 261–262
Benson, Ezra Taft, 140, 158, 166, 174, 179, 242, 244, 247, 254
bishops. See Presiding Bishopric; priesthood
bishop’s youth committee, 205
bishop’s youth council, 196
Black communities and church members, 189, 192–193, 226–227
Blechert, Bertha, 108
blessings: baptisms for the dead, 93–94, 193, 305–308, 319; of healing, 108; patriarchal, 193, 393n3; women giving, 31, 354n29
boards. See general boards
Bogle, Yvonne, 190
Bond, Julian, 191
Book of Mormon, 34, 171, 213, 227, 262, 296
Boone, Dottie, 217
Boy Scouts of America (BSA), 69–70, 74, 315
Bradfield, Shirley, 225
Brandley, Elsie Talmage, 100, 101, 115, 116–117, 119, 121, 123–124, 368n57
Brazil, youth programs in, 296, 321
Brigham Young University (BYU), 161, 165, 166, 231–232
Brighton Girls Camp, 90, 91 (illus.), 294
Brimhall, George, 50
Brimhall, Lucy Jane “Jennie,” 38–39
Britain: church centennial celebration in, 141; mission leadership during World War II, 128–129; youth programs in, 113, 125–128, 189–190, 126
Brown, Patty, 225
Brown, Victor L., 201, 203, 206, 207 (illus.), 208, 209, 210, 242
BSA (Boy Scouts of America), 69–70, 74, 315
budgets. See funding
Bunker, Zola Woodbury, 93
Burton, Linda Kjar, 305
BYU (Brigham Young University), 161, 165, 166, 231–232
C
Calabrese, Elisabetta, 258, 262
Caley, Lucy, 193
California, youth programs in, 169–171, 170 (illus.), 306 (illus.)
Camp Fire Ceremonial, 90
Camp Liahona, 261
Camp-O-Rama (camping manual), 139, 155
Camp Pinnacle, 67
camps: activities, 69, 90, 139, 155, 261–262; international, 262, 263 (illus.), 277–278, 287–291, 289 (illus.); manuals and training for, 139, 139–140, 155, 180, 262, 264–265; program and site development, 67–69, 89–90, 91 (illus.), 138–139, 155, 291–292; spiritual purpose of, 69, 90–92, 155, 262, 291, 292
Canada, youth programs in, 124, 125
Cannon, Ann Mousley, 39, 45, 71, 72, 355n82
Cannon, Carol Hinckley, 163
Cannon, Elaine Anderson, 335; correlation committee service, 183; leadership as president, 221, 222–225, 227–228, 232; life experience, 221, 225; New Era editorship, 197–199; in White House Conference on Youth, 159
Cannon, George Q., 46; Life of Joseph Smith, 33, 34
Cannon, Lucy Grant, 334; at British youth conference, 127, 128; leadership as president, 141, 210; life experience, 92, 128; member of MIA Service Committee, 368n57
Card, Zina Young Williams, 7, 13
careers. See employment
Catholicism, 118
centennial celebrations: pioneer arrival (1947), 141; YWMIA (1969), 194–196, 195 (illus.)
certification programs, 180
chastity, 117, 121, 164–165, 185, 256, 281, 292–294, 296, 375n96. See also modesty
Chicagoland Music Festival, 159
Child, Hortense Hogan, 207 (illus.); correlation committee service, 183; leadership as counselor, 201, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 217, 382n72
Children and Youth program, 317–318
Children’s Friend (magazine), 197
Christ. See Jesus Christ
Church Education System, 259–260
Church News (newspaper), 174, 175, 260, 265, 308
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: celebration of pioneer centennial (1947), 141; growth of, 28, 60, 105, 109, 169, 180, 188, 233, 255, 269; Jesus Christ as focus of, 314; membership record, 133–134; public image, 158–160, 187; temple participation, 92–94, 193, 255, 285, 305, 306 (illus.), 309 (illus.), 318–319
civil rights movement, 192
Clark, Bertha, 166
Clark, J. Reuben, Jr., 115–116, 119, 141, 163–164
Clawson, Emily Young, 9, 349n27
Clean Life campaign, 134
clothing: and cosmetics, 83; dress reform movements and modesty standards, 7–9, 13–14, 75–76, 83, 165–167, 185–187, 281, 281–282, 349n49; fashion shows, 83, 287; for physical activity, 39, 81; style changes, 78, 81, 83, 165, 184, 189, 378n60; temple garments, 82–83
Cluff, Ann, 35
Cohen, Sidney, 191
Colombia: family culture in, 275–276; youth programs in, 269–271, 287, 290, 307, 309 (illus.)
Come, Follow Me (curriculum), 302, 314, 393n16
Community Activities Committee, 97
community outreach and service work, 76, 136–138, 217–220, 219 (illus.), 310–313, 311 (illus.), 314, 316 (illus.). See also social work
Condie, Hannah, 358n169
Condie, Lena, 358n169
Condie, Lillian, 358n169
conferences: board member attendance of, 50; general Young Women meetings, 278–279; in missions, 123–124, 124–128, 152, 189, 190, 269, 321; on social work, 78–79; For the Strength of Youth (FSY), 317–318; virtual, 321; YLMIA–YMMIA collaborations, 25, 45–49 (see also June Conference); on youth leadership, 197. See also conventions
Conjoint Conference (1896), 45–46. See also June Conference
conjoint movement, 23–25, 45–49, 50–51, 58
Connelly, Mary, 64
contests, 64–67, 66 (illus.), 85 (illus.), 122, 123
Contributor (magazine), 25, 45. See also Improvement Era
conventions: board member attendance of, 50; function of, 49–50; YLMIA–YMMIA collaborations, 49, 50–51
Cook, Mary Nielsen, 288, 294–295
Cook, Richard, 288
Copier, Jantje, xi
Cordon, Bonnie Hillam, 313, 315, 315, 317, 318, 319, 322, 337
correlation ideology and initiatives, 178, 182–184, 197–199
Correlation–Social Advisory Committee, 80–81
Corry, Rachel, 18
cosmetics, 83
Cosslett, Emeline Rosetta Haight, 351n85
counterculture movement (1960s), 190–191, 199
courtship and dating, 77, 124–125, 148, 184
Covey, Stephen, 385n36
COVID-19 pandemic, 320–321, 322–323
Craig, Michelle Daines, 313, 319, 326
Craven, Rebecca Mitchell, 313, 319
Cressey, George, 132
Croxall, Caroline Young, 9, 349n27
Cryer, Patricia, 290
cultural identity, and spirituality, 124, 125–127, 189. See also race and ethnicity
Curtis, LeGrand R., Sr., 207 (illus.)
Cuthbert, Maureen, 190
D
Dalton, Elaine Schwartz, 282, 285, 291, 294–296, 391n100, 302, 325, 336
dancing and dances: Gold and Green Balls, 83–84, 124, 152, 162 (illus.); modesty standards, 75, 185; social studies on, 79; style changes, 184
Darger, Arlene Barlow, 221–222
dating and courtship, 77, 124–125, 148, 184
daughters of God, identity as, 227, 238, 247, 264, 268, 282, 292, 319
Davis, Lia, 156
Day of the Swarm ceremony, 74
Dear to My Heart program, 165
defense industries (wartime), 131–132
DeMille, Cecil B., 158
Denmark, youth programs in, 113, 153 (illus.), 321
depression (economic), 114–115, 117, 233
depression (mental), 280
Deseret Book, 174
deseret symbolism, 72
devotionals, 306 (illus.)
Dew, Sheri L., 305
Dime Day (Annual Day), 42–43, 356n103. See also MIA Day
Dintof, Tatiana Christina dos Reis, 296
disabilities, and service work, 312–313
divine nature, as value, 238, 245, 274
Dlamuka, Zamanguni Queeneth, 270 (illus.)
Dobbs, Sareta, 227
domestic skills, 73–74, 167–168. See also family life; marriage
Dougall, Maria Young, 7, 9, 11 (illus.), 13, 29, 32 (illus.), 349n27
Doxey, Roy, 208
draft (military), 130
drama productions, 84–87, 85 (illus.). See also film productions
Durham, G. Homer, 193
Duriez, Deolinda, 277
E
Eardley, Adella Woolley, 31
Eastin, Catherine, 148
eating disorders, 280
economic depression and recession, 114–115, 117, 233
economic growth, 144
Eddington, Sarah, 31, 42, 355n82
education: expansion of opportunities for women, 36–37; increased high school enrollment, 36, 129; and societal focus on domesticity, 168; Sunday class meetings, 224–225, 285–287, 314; youth program curriculum, 33–35, 94–97, 302, 314, 393n16
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 158, 159
Empey, Ella Young, 9, 10, 11 (illus.), 13–14, 349n27
employment: career-family life balance, 225–226, 276; in defense industries, 131–132; expansion of opportunities for women, 37–38; and housing demand, 132–133; and societal focus on domesticity, 168; unemployment rates, 115
endowment ordinance, 82, 193, 255, 305
England. See Britain
Equal Rights Amendment, 213, 220, 232
eternal progression theology, 61
ethnicity. See race and ethnicity
Evans, Mattie Read, 65
evolutionary theory, 60
Eyring, Fern Chipman, 81
Eyring (later Kimball), Camilla, 60, 62, 92, 115, 123
F
faith. See spirituality and faith
Fallentine, Angela, 277
family life: balancing career with, 225–226, 276; church proclamation on, 274–277; and domestic skills, 73–74, 167–168; emphasized in youth programs, 278–280; and fatherhood, 275–276; and heavenly parents, 274; and motherhood, 214–215, 256, 274, 276, 279; and parental involvement in youth programs, 83, 165, 254, 261–261, 283, 284–285, 317; shifting societal norms in, 272–273; women’s sacred roles in, 214–215, 222–223. See also marriage
family values, as term, 236
fashion shows, 83, 287. See also clothing
father-daughter activities, 254
Faust, James E., 281
Featherstone, Vaughn J., 207 (illus.)
Fei, Suzanne, 276
Feminine Mystique, The (Betty Friedan), 213
femininity: archetypal, 71–72; and beauty, 7, 83, 240, 287; and clothing, 187; emphasized in youth programs, 81, 167–169
feminism and women’s movement, 213–215, 220–221, 222, 232
Fiaccola Novanta (Torch 90), 262, 263 (illus.)
film productions, 161–163. See also theater productions
firesides, 173–175, 221, 222, 244, 246–248, 249 (illus.)
First Presidency: and All-Church Coordinating Council, 178; appointment of youth organization presidents, 102, 177, 199–201, 221, 231, 323; approval of youth organization initiatives, 122–123, 149, 244, 246; correlation initiative, 178, 182; and establishment of APMIA, 203; family proclamation, 274–275; firesides, 173–175, 221, 222; messages in Improvement Era, 123; oversight of youth organizations, 115–116, 179, 210. See also specific presidents
Florida, youth programs in, 124
Foote, Louisa, 35
For the Strength of Youth (booklet), 185–187, 186 (illus.), 259–260, 321–322
For the Strength of Youth (FSY) conferences, 317–318
For the Strength of Youth (magazine), 322
Fox, Ruth May, 334; at British youth conference, 127; “Carry On,” 105–106, 248; “The Heavenly Gift,” 105; leadership as counselor, 54, 72, 365n224; leadership as president, 102, 122, 128; life experience, 127; mentioned, 57, 368n57, 137; on women’s leadership, 99–100
France, youth programs in, 113, 277
Freeman, Emily Belle Oswald, 323–326, 337
Freeze, Lelia “Lillie” Tuckett, 31, 47
Freeze, Mary Ann Burnham, 14–15, 16, 21
Friedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique, 213
Friend (magazine), 197
FSY (For the Strength of Youth) conferences, 317–318
funding: centralization of auxiliary budgets, 199; equitable youth program budgets, 318; fundraising initiatives, 42–45, 356n103, 356n107, 68
Funk, Ruth Hardy, 207 (illus.), 335 (illus.); correlation committee service, 181, 182, 183; on June Conference performances, 156, 158, 181; leadership as president, 201, 203–204, 210, 220–221; on women’s issues, 214–215, 222, 223
Future Homemakers of America, 212
G
Gapiz, Ruben, 188
Garfield, Merydith, 217
Gates, Susa Young: History of the Young Ladies’ Mutual Improvement Association, 56–57, 359n185; life experience, 29, 353n13; mentioned, 7, 46; on New Woman ideal, 36; oversight of Young Woman’s Journal, 29–30, 33–34, 40, 43, 47; on political involvement, 40; on YLMIA–YMMIA collaboration, 47–48, 49
gay rights movement, 213, 273. See also homosexuality
gender dynamics: and attraction, 168–169; and coeducational public schools, 36; and combined activities, 262–264; and conjoint movement, 23–25, 46, 47; courtship and dating, 77, 124–125, 148, 184; disparities between Young Women and Young Men, 168–169; equality and parity, 99–100, 183, 213–214, 245, 275, 303–305, 318–319; fatherhood, 275–276; motherhood, 214–215, 256, 274, 276, 279; and priesthood authority, 48–49, 203, 210, 239, 243, 246–247, 303–305, 314–315; women’s movement, 213–215, 220–221, 222, 232. See also femininity; marriage; sex and sexuality
gender vs. biological sex, 273, 274
genealogical work, 93, 106–108, 304 (illus.), 307–308
general boards, 32 (illus.); discussion of family life, 277; discussion of joint magazine proposal, 101; discussion of modern spirituality crisis, 116–119; duties of, 31, 50, 150, 180–181; expansion of, 30–33, 179; First Presidency guidance for, 115–116, 179; international members, 303; Survey Committee’s report to, 116, 119–120, 122–123, 368n57; and youth leadership conference, 197. See also presidencies, general
general presidencies. See presidencies, general
generational dynamics, 9–12, 28, 77, 83, 301, 353n8, 394n41
Germany: World War II aftermath, 140; youth programs in, 110–113, 111 (illus.), 152
Ghana, youth programs in, 290–291
Gill, Gurcharan Singh, 277
Gill, Vilo, 277
Ginsberg, Allen, 191
Girl Guides, 71
Girls’ Friendly Society, 61
Girls’ Program (Program for Latter-day Saint Girls), 149
Gleamenight, 151
Gleaner Girls: achievement awards, 130, 149; age range for, 341; curriculum, 95–96, 340–341, 365n224; low interest in, 191; in missions, 125, 127; mixed-gender social activities, 99, 106, 151; name, 95, 365n224; Treasures of Truth program, 106–108. See also Junior Gleaners
Glende, Audrey, 320
global expansion. See missions
Goaslind, Jack H., 260, 207 (illus.)
Goddard, George, 42
Goddard, Verna Wright, 128
Godfrey, Fannie Jones, 68
Godfrey, James, 68
Godfrey, Kenneth, 196
Gold and Green Balls, 83–84, 124, 152, 162 (illus.)
Golden Gleaner awards, 130, 149
Gordon, Marguerite, A Bee-Hive Girl’s Fantasy (with Velma Wing), 86
Gospel Library (mobile app), 280
Grant, Heber J., 356n109, 93, 102, 127, 134, 174
Great Britain. See Britain
Green, May, 67
Guatemala, youth programs in, 316 (illus.)
Guide to the First Year’s Course of Study, 33–34
H
Haight, David B., 242
Hale, Ruth, 161
Hales (later Beckham), Janette Callister, 265, 271, 292, 335
Hall, G. Stanley, Adolescence, 51–52
Hall, Ivy, 358n169
handbooks, 94, 97–99, 112–113, 216, 260–261, 353n238, 378n68, 382n90
Hanks, Marion D., 159, 174, 208, 382n70
Hardy, Milton, 351n98
Hawaii: same-sex marriage in, 273; youth programs in, 124, 141
health and hygiene, emphasized in youth programs, 73, 81–82. See also physical activity
heavenly parents, 244–245, 250, 274, 319, 320
Hedger, Caroline, 365n211
Heim, Jacques, 165
Helping Hands, 311 (illus.), 312
Heston, Charlton, 158
Higgs, Brentnall, 68
Hilton, Antigone, 253
Hilton, Mark, 253
Hinckley, Bryant, 50
Hinckley, Gordon B., 231, 232, 247, 274, 292
History of the Young Ladies’ Mutual Improvement Association (Susa Gates), 56–57, 359n185
Hogan, Elsie, 368n57
Holland, Jeffrey R., 234
Holland, Patricia Terry, 234, 240
Holmstrom, Charlene, 218
Holt, Dorothy Porter, 178
homosexuality, 213, 273, 276, 301
Hooker, Carmela Melero de, 303
Horne, Martha “Mattie.” See Tingey, Martha Horne
Horne, Mary Isabella Hales, 5–6, 53
Houchen, William, 24
Houtz, Vida, 54
Hovik, Debra, 224
Hoving, Luisina “Lucy,” 46
Howe, Neil, 353n8
How Laurels Grow program, 375n96
How Near to the Angels (film), 65, 161–163, 171, 173, 187
Huber, Gladys, 84
Hui Tau (New Zealand cultural event), 125
Hull House, 159
Hulme, Claire N., 90
Hunter, Jane H., 349n38
Hunter, John William, 92
Hunter, Mary Ann, 24
Hunter, Nellie Marie Rasmussen, 92
Hutchins, Colleen Kay, 159–160
I
Improvement Era (magazine): coverage of Gold and Green Balls, 84; coverage of Miss America, 159–160; discontinuation of, 197 (see also New Era); editorship of, 356n110; establishment of, 45, 356n109; First Presidency messages in, 123; “If I Were a Teen” series, 163; merger with Young Woman’s Journal, 100–101, 366n259; motto of, 70; series on Black community outreach, 192; series on camping, 155; series on fatalism, 134–135; series on modesty, 166–167
Inagaki, Natsume, 275
indexing, 304 (illus.), 307–308
India, youth programs in, 277
individual worth, as value, 236, 238, 245
influenza pandemic (1918–1919), 76–77
Instructor (magazine), 197
Intermediate class, 341
International Council of Women, 40
international expansion. See missions
internet: church use of, 280, 285–287, 307, 310, 321; negative influences of, 280–281, 291, 310; rise of, 268
Italy, youth programs in, 188–189, 258–259, 262, 263 (illus.)
J
Jack, Elaine Low, 274
Jackson, Margaret Romney, 178
Jacobsen, Florence Smith, 334; leadership as president, 179, 180, 185, 199–201; life experience, 177–178; at YWMIA centennial celebration, 194
Japan: family culture in, 275; youth programs in, 114, 278
Jardine, Winnifred Cannon, 264
Jensen, Bridey, 276
Jensen, Katie C., 133
Jesus Christ: centrality of, 314, 322; as model, 296, 319; relationship with, 255
Jones, Hyrum, 24
Jorgensen, Elaine Lewis, 188
Josephson, Marba Cannon, 136, 141, 160, 168
June Conference: 1909, 58; 1911, 59, 61; 1912, 64; 1913, 65; 1930, 105–106; 1934, 121–122; 1941, 134; 1946, 141; 1956, 158; and APMIA announcement, 203, 205–206; centennial celebration (1969), 194; contests and performance showcases at, 64, 65, 66 (illus.), 67, 86–87, 122, 156, 157 (illus.), 158, 181; discontinuation of, 209–210; Jubilee celebration (1925), 87–89; and leadership development, 155, 156–158; praise for women’s leadership of, 159; priesthood speakers at, 174; slogans, 71, 122, 361n78; Southern California conference modeled on, 169–171, 170
Junior class: age range for, 94, 341; curriculum, 94–95, 365n212, 341; mentioned, 99; Treasures of Truth program, 108–109
Junior Gleaners: achievement awards, 148, 149; chastity ideal, 165; establishment of, 146; mixed-gender social activities, 151; purpose of, 149, 341–342. See also Laurel class
JustServe.org, 310
K
Kapp, Ardeth Greene, 207 (illus.), 257 (illus.), 335 (illus.); appointed as Young Women general president, 231; correlation committee service, 183; and Emily Belle Freeman, 324; leadership as counselor, 201, 203, 204, 208, 210, 211, 220, 382n82; leadership as ward Young Women president, 373n40; life experience, 231–232; mentioned, 292, 305; leadership as general president: assessment of challenges and needs, 232–235; authority dynamics, 238–241; Personal Progress update, 254–256; For the Strength of Youth update, 259–260; tenure length, 271; use of mass media and new technology, 242, 250, 253–254; values initiative, 235–238, 241–246
Kennedy, John F., 213
Kerr, Marion, 135
Kimball, Camilla Eyring, 60, 62, 92, 115, 123
Kimball, Heber C., 4
Kimball, Richard Ian, 365n238
Kimball, Spencer W.: appointment of youth organization presidents, 221; on chastity, 164, 166, 185; death of, 247; and establishment of APMIA, 206; on June Conference discontinuation, 209–210; marriage, 92; mentioned, 171, 240; public profile, 174; racial inclusion initiatives, 226; and women’s issues, 221, 222; on youth organization quality, 145
King, Elizabeth Eames, 87
King, Lueen Jensen, 165
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 192
Komatsu, Adney, 377n13
L
Ladies’ Cooperative Retrenchment Association, 5–6, 348n15. See also Young Ladies’ Department of the Ladies’ Cooperative Retrenchment Association
Laing, Kalli, 308
language: barriers, 131–132, 283; translations, 112–113, 125, 260, 322
Larsen, Eleanor, 107
Larsen, Sharon Greene, 278, 279, 283
Latter-day Saint Student Association (LDSSA), 192
Laurel class: achievement awards, 256; age range for, 342; chastity ideal, 375n96; discontinuation of, 318; establishment of, 180; leadership conference, 197; value projects, 256; Young Womanhood Recognition, 216
lds.org, 280
LDSSA (Latter-day Saint Student Association), 192
leadership: and certification programs, 180; establishment of centralized, 21–23; fostering culture of, in youth, 196–197, 217–220, 325; manuals, 150–151; mentorship, 285; in missions, 113–114, 128–129; shadow, 217–218, 318; and spiritual qualifications, 120; virtual training meetings, 321; women seated on Tabernacle stand, 231, 232; women’s membership in church councils, 303–305. See also First Presidency; general boards; presidencies, general; priesthood
Leary, Timothy, 191
Lee, Harold B.: correlation initiative, 178, 182, 305; death of, 206; and establishment of APMIA, 203, 205, 208, 210; at June Conference, 141; and LDSSA, 192; mentioned, 178, 222; public profile, 174
LGBTQ community, 213, 273, 276, 301
Lindsay, Lisle, 65
Lion House (Salt Lake City), 7, 8 (illus.), 10, 57, 136–138, 137 (illus.), 194, 324
Little Girls’ Magazine, 16
Lloyd, LaVern McClellan, 108
Loebner, Sonja, 258
logos, 253–254, 257 (illus.)
Longden, LaRue Carr, 145, 149, 159, 166–167
Lord’s Supper, 150
Lovesy, Edith Rossiter, 59, 61
Lund, Anthon H., 50
Lunt, Florence, 24
Lunt, Henrietta, 3, 4, 9, 12, 16–18
Lyman, Francis M., 50
M
MacCarthy, Shane, 159
Macdonald, Julia Ivins, 16, 37
Macfarlane, May, 24
Maeterlinck, Maurice, Life of the Bee, 72–73
Mailbox, The (church video), 65
manuals: camping, 139–140, 155, 180, 262, 264–265; codes of conduct, 185–187, 186 (illus.), 259–260, 321–322; leadership, 150–151, 260; mission, 188, 295, 301–302; program handbooks, 94, 97–99, 112–113, 216, 260–261, 353n238, 378n68, 382n90; Sunday class meetings, 285
Māori culture, 125
marriage: and age, 10, 38, 54, 93, 163, 276, 355n74; and courtship, 124–125, 148, 163; divorce rates, 272–273; plural, 7, 18, 27, 28; promotion of ideal, 160–163, 173, 273, 274–275; and race, 93, 171, 193, 226; as sacred, 38, 273, 274; same-sex, 273, 301; shifting societal norms, 272–273, 300–301; temple, 92, 173, 274; YLMIA–YMMIA collaboration compared to, 49
Marriott, Neill Foote, 303
Mary imagery, 212, 215, 227, 382n72
Maw, Herbert, 118
Maxwell, Neal A., 237, 242, 244
McCahon, Linda, 189–190, 193, 226
McConkie, Carol Foley, 303
McCune, Elizabeth Claridge, 356n107
McKay, David O., 158, 166, 171, 173, 174, 177, 183
McKay, Quinn, 208
McLaws, Aleece, 308
Mead, Wilma, 163
media: church use of, 161–163, 250–251, 280, 307, 310, 321; negative influences of, 164, 184, 233, 280, 291, 308; rise of the internet, 280
Melchizedek Priesthood, 48
Melchizedek Priesthood Mutual Interest Association (MPMIA), 201
mental health, 280
mentorship, 285
Mexico, youth programs in, 114, 123–125, 286 (illus.)
MIA. See Young Ladies’/Women’s Mutual Improvement Association; Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Association
MIA Day, 64. See also Theme Festival and Honor Night
MIA Leader (newsletter), 123, 155
Mia Maids: achievement awards, 146–148, 147 (illus.), 149, 256; age range for, 342–342; chastity ideal, 165, 375n96; discontinuation of, 318; establishment of, 146; femininity ideals, 167; mixed-gender social activities, 151; name, 146; purpose of, 148; rose symbolism, 146; value experiences, 256
Mia Shalom Recreation Camp, 292
military service, World War II, 130–131
ministering system, 314
miracles: of healing, 108, 110; testimonies of, 34
Miss America pageant, 159–160, 214, 240
Missionary Executive Council, 303
missions: and conversion rates, 160, 169; expansion and growth, 109, 188, 233, 255, 269; leadership of, 113–114, 128–129; manuals, 188, 295, 301–302; preparing youth for service, 301–302; race, and serving in, 193, 226–227; reduction in age of eligibility for service, 298, 299–300; training for service, 19; women’s acceptance into full-time service, 38–39; youth program activities and events at, 110–113, 123–128, 129, 151–152, 172, 188–190, 269–271, 287, 288–291, 321; and youth program global relevancy efforts, 271, 272, 283–285; youth program guiding assumptions vs. local circumstances at, 172–173, 188, 271, 277–278, 282–283, 287–288
mixed-gender activities, 262–264
Mkhabela, Dorah, 303
M Men, 99, 106, 125, 127, 148, 151
modesty, 75–76, 83, 165–167, 185–187, 281–282. See also chastity
Moffat, S. A., 70
Mongolia, youth programs in, 288–290, 289 (illus.)
Monson, Thomas S., 214, 241, 242, 244, 254, 259, 313
morality: sexual, chastity ideal, 117, 121, 164–165, 185–185, 256, 281, 292–294, 296, 375n96; sexual, loosening norms of, 60, 121, 134–135, 163–164, 184, 272, 273, 280–281; sexual, modesty ideal, 75–76, 83, 165–167, 185–187, 281–282; and thirteenth article of faith, 180, 281; and values, 236, 295; visual campaigns to promote, 160–163; and Word of Wisdom, 134, 144, 149. See also values
mormon.org, 280
Morris, George Q., 58, 99, 117, 141
Moss, Elva, 90
mother-daughter activities, 83, 165
motherhood, 214–215, 256, 274, 276, 279
mottos and slogans, 70–71, 122, 361n78. See also themes
Mouritsen, Maren, 236
MPMIA (Melchizedek Priesthood Mutual Interest Association), 201
music: as communication tool, 105–106, 250; contests, 65, 66 (illus.)
Mutual Dell Camp, 139
Mutual Interests class, 342
Mutual Study class, 342
My Personal Progress program, 215–216, 227, 236, 237. See also Personal Progress program
My Story—Lest I Forget project, 108–109
N
Nadauld, Margaret Dyreng, 278, 279, 280, 283–284, 285, 336, 389n22
National Council of Women (NCW), 40, 159
National Defense Committees, 76
National Organization for Women (NOW), 213
National Woman Suffrage Association, 40
National Women’s Conference (1977), 222
Native American imagery, 72, 139, 372n216
natural disasters, and service work, 310–312
Navas, Andrea, xi
NCW (National Council of Women), 40, 159
Neff, Estelle, 38
Nelson, Russell M., 244, 247, 255, 313–314, 319, 323
Neslen, Grace C., 368n57
Netherlands, youth programs in, xi, 113, 189
New Beginnings event, 261, 287
New Era (magazine): coverage of genealogical work, 308; coverage of global youth activities, 287; coverage of service work, 218; coverage of values program, 244, 385n72; establishment of, 197–199; internet access to, 280; renamed, 322 (see also For the Strength of Youth [magazine]); series on For the Strength of Youth, 260; series on temple ordinances, 255
New Woman ideal: emergence of, 35–36; impact on women’s opportunities, 36–39; impact on YLMIA, 39–40, 54
New Zealand, youth programs in, 60, 124, 125, 152, 162 (illus.)
Noall, Elizabeth “Libbie,” 46
Norway, youth programs in, 128, 321
NOW. See National Organization for Women
Noyce, Vicki, 181
nursing courses, 77
Nystrom, Mae Taylor, 54, 355n82
O
Oakcrest Girls Camp, 292
Oaks, Dallin H., 234, 273, 292, 315
Okazaki, Chieko N., 179, 180, 294
Oscarson, Bonnie Lee Green, 302–303, 308, 312, 336
Our Little Gem (newspaper), 17 (illus.)
outdoor programs. See Scouting programs
P
Pace, Glenn L., 277
Pack, Belle, 108
Pack, Jessie Stirling, 108
Packer, Boyd K., 246
Palfreyman, Henrietta, 358n169
pandemic: 1918–1919, 76–77; 2020–2023, 320–321, 322–323
Papa and the Playhouse (play), 181
parental involvement, 83, 165, 254, 261, 283, 284–285, 317
Parker, Iris, 168
patriarchal blessings, 193, 393n3
Paul, Joshua Hughes, 69
Pearce, Virginia Hinckley, 265, 272
PEC. See Priesthood Executive Committee
Pennsylvania, youth programs in, 152
Penrose, Charles, 361n95
performance activities: contests and showcases, 65, 66 (illus.), 85 (illus.), 156, 158, 181; drama productions, 84–87, 85 (illus.); film productions, 161–163
Perry, Janice Kapp, 250
Personal Achievement program, 211–212
Personal Progress program: cultural assumptions in, 277–278, 282–283; discontinuation of, 317; global relevancy efforts, 283–285; impact of, xi–xii, 256–259; as update to My Personal Progress, 254–256; values in, 255–256, 296
Petersen, LaRene, 146, 375n108
Petersen, Mark E., 164, 166, 174
Petersen, Myrna, 143–144, 145, 146, 160, 165, 375n108
Peterson, H. Burke, 207 (illus.)
Peterson, Mary, 35
Philippines, youth programs in, 188, 311 (illus.)
physical activity: athletic programs, 64, 152–155, 154 (illus.), 390n77; clothing for, 39, 81; and health and hygiene, 73, 81–82; and New Woman ideal, 39–40, 41 (illus.); physical fitness programs, 159; and progressive reformers, 64
Pinegar, Patricia Peterson, 265, 272
pioneer generation, 9, 28, 53, 106–107
Piranian, Badwagan, 377n13
plural marriage, 7, 18, 27, 28
Poananga, Adelaide Thompson, 124, 125
poster campaigns, 160
Pratt, Lona, 9
Pratt, Louisa Barnes, 14, 350n57
Preach My Gospel (missionary manual), 295, 301–302
premarital sex and chastity, 117, 121, 164–165, 185, 256, 281, 292–294, 296, 375n96
Prensky, Marc, 394n41
presidencies, general: auxiliary relationship with priesthood, 238–239; chronology, 333–337; communication challenges, 209–211, 239–241; establishment and structure of, 21–23; in organizational restructuring, 206–208, 318, 395n84; tenure length, decline in, 271, 382n97; terminology, 357n130; transitions, 53–54, 102, 128, 145, 178, 199–201, 221, 231, 234, 271, 278, 285, 291, 294, 302, 313, 323. See also specific presidents
Presidency, First. See First Presidency
Presiding Bishopric, 196, 201, 203, 204, 206–208, 210
priesthood: church organizations as auxiliaries to, 74–76 238–239, 362n112; firesides, 173–175; gender-hierarchy dynamics, 48–49, 203, 210, 239, 243, 246–247, 303–305, 314–315; modern spirituality crisis as threat to, 117–118; and moral cleanliness, 281; oversight of youth organizations, 48, 196, 200 (illus.), 201, 203, 206–208, 211, 239–244, 246, 318; and race, 193, 226; reform movements, 21, 75; and temple participation of women, 255; women’s priesthood authority, 315. See also Aaronic Priesthood; First Presidency; Quorum of the Seventy; Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Priesthood Executive Committee (PEC), 239–240, 241–244, 246, 259, 305, 385n44
Primary Association, 21, 22, 113, 305
Program for Latter-day Saint Girls (Girls’ Program), 149
Progressive Era, 61
Protestantism, mainstream, 118–119
psychology: of religion, 52; of sexualization, 280
public speaking: contests, 65; emphasized in youth programs, 16, 19; expansion of opportunities for women, 46
purity discourse, 293–294. See also chastity
Q
Qinisile, Nqobile, 267
Qinisile, Zandile Precious, 267–268, 270 (illus.), 283, 296
Quorum of the Seventy, 174, 208, 239, 245, 246
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: correlation initiative, 182; and establishment of APMIA, 203; family proclamation, 274–275; firesides, 174–175; oversight of youth organizations, 20, 185, 208, 238, 239, 244, 246
R
race and ethnicity: and church leadership, 179, 377n13; diversity and inclusion efforts, 210, 226–227, 247–248, 260; and marriage, 93, 171, 193, 226; and migration patterns, 192–193; and racism, 171–172, 192, 193, 226
Radebe, Yolanda, 270 (illus.)
railroad generation, 28
rape and sexual abuse, 293–294
Rasmus, Carolyn J., 234, 240, 241
Rasmussen, Nellie Marie, 92
Réard, Louis, 165
recession, economic, 233
recreation: achievement programs, 129–130, 146–148, 149, 198 (illus.); The Activity Book, 216, 220; contests, 64–67, 122, 123, 66 (illus.), 85 (illus.); decline in emphasis on, 218–220, 235–235; general board committees for, 180–181; Gold and Green Balls, 83–84, 124, 152, 162 (illus.); at the Lion House, 136–138, 137 (illus.); during meetings, 151; in missions, 110–113, 123–128, 129, 151–152, 172, 188–190, 269–271, 287, 288–291, 321; preliminary programs, 51, 55; and shift in approach under APMIA, 205; significance of, in Young Women experience, 216–217; spiritual emphasis, 62–64, 69, 80–81, 90–92, 97, 119–120, 262, 291, 292; ward buildings for, 80; wartime, 135–136. See also camps; physical activity; Scouting programs; social work
Recreation Bulletin, 80
Reeder, Bertha Stone, 334; leadership as president, 145–146, 149, 152–155, 165–166, 180, 210, 271; life experience, 145; mentioned, 175, 177
Rees, Edith, 129
Relief Society: auxiliary status, 362n112; leadership structure, 21, 22–23, 113–114; leadership transitions, 285, 391n100; mission branches, 113–114; nursing courses, 77; Personal Progress participation, 264; political involvement, 40; relationship with Young Women organization, 224, 228; representation in church councils, 303–305; and retrenchment, 5–6, 12; scholarship on, xii; Joseph Smith on, 244, 385n71; and Social Advisory Committee, 75–76; teachers in, 18; YLMIA hosting events for, 56
Relief Society Magazine, 197
repentance, gift of, 294, 319, 320
retrenchment: and dress reform, 7–9, 13–14, 349n49; vs. improvement, 14–16; movement origins, 5–6
Reyes, Nenita, 188
Reynolds, George, 42
Richards, Franklin D., 352n119
Richards, Jane Snyder, 21
Richards, Stephen L, 76, 78, 81, 140
Rivers, Percy J., 377n13
road shows, 86
Roberts, B. H., 46, 64, 69, 70, 356n109
Robertson, Jessie, 358n169
Romney, Marion G., 181
Romney, Ott, 159
rose symbolism, 146
Rose Tying Ceremony (Mia Maids), 146–148, 147 (illus.)
Ross, Mark, 169
Rowland, Fanny: education and career, 36–37, 38; on experience as single woman, 38; leadership experience, 27, 31, 54, 55, 56, 358n171; life experience, 27; missionary service, 39
Rowland, Louisa, 56
Roylance, Ora, 358n169
Rückert, Friedrich, 113
Runia, Tamara Wood, 323
S
sacrament meetings, 150
Sacredness of Sex, The (pamphlet), 164
Sacred to Me program, 165, 375n96
Sagers, Becca, 312
Sagers, Diana, 312
Salaca, Kerelayani Kalou, 253
Saltair Resort, 68
Salt Lake City: housing demand in, 132–133; Lion House, 7, 8 (illus.), 10, 57, 136–138, 137 (illus.), 194, 324; population growth, 59
Salvation Army, 67
Samoa, youth programs in, 60
Samuels, Rajane, 308
Schaerrer, Neil, 208
science, reconciling faith with, 118–119
Scott, Richard G., 294
Scouting programs: secular organizations, 69–70, 71–72, 74, 234, 315; for young men, 69–70, 99, 158, 288, 315; for young women (see Bee-Hive Girls; camps)
sealing ordinance, 255
secular humanism, 237
secular influences and societal changes: camp as refuge from, 291, 292; commercialized recreation, 98; counterculture movement, 178, 190–191, 199; and crisis of modern spirituality, 114–119, 121–122; and economic depression, 114–115; family structure, shifting norms of, 272–273; negative influences of popular media, 164, 184, 233, 280, 291, 308; in Progressive Era, 59–61, 77–78; and public education, 36–37, 129; secular humanism, 237; sexuality, loosening norms of, 60, 121, 134–135, 163–164, 184, 272, 273, 280–281; women’s movement, 213–215, 232. See also New Woman ideal
Senior class, 95–96, 343, 365n212. See also Advanced Senior class; Gleaner Girls
service work, 76, 136–138, 217–220, 219 (illus.), 310–313, 311 (illus.), 314, 316 (illus.). See also social work
sesquicentennial celebration (Young Women, 2020), 322
sex and sexuality: double standards, 135, 164–165, 281; and individual worth, 236; loosening norms of, 60, 121, 134–135, 163–164, 184, 272, 273, 280–281; as sacred, 164
sexual abuse and rape, 293–294
sexualization, 280
shadow leadership, 217–218, 318
sheaf-binding ceremonies, 96, 148
Shelby, Rhonda, 226
Sherratt, Rosy May, 24
Silver Gleaner awards, 148, 149
Sims, Bette Lou, 180
sisterhood, 247, 250, 251–253, 262
slogans and mottos, 70–71, 122, 361n78. See also themes
Small MIA handbook, 378n68
Smith, Barbara Bradshaw, 222
Smith, Bathsheba, 359n186
Smith, Emma Hale, 325
Smith, George A., 349n49, 351n98
Smith, Joseph: allusions to, 244, 385n71; as prophet, 119; visions and revelations of, 117, 118, 238, 269, 389n33
Smith, Joseph F., 24, 29, 46, 48, 356n109, 356n110, 74–75, 362n112
Smith, Joseph Fielding, 118, 121
Smith, Mary, 253
Smith, Mary A., 18
Smith, Nicholas G., 118
Smith, Norma Broadbent, 221, 222
Snow, Eliza Roxcy: on generational conflict, 9; leadership roles, 5, 7, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23; on spiritual development, 14
Snow, Erastus, 6
Social Advisory Committee, 75–76, 78, 79–80. See also Correlation–Social Advisory Committee
social work: conferences on, 78–79; defined, 78; Social Advisory Committee initiatives, 78, 79–80; and volunteer service work, 76, 136–138, 217–220, 219 (illus.), 310–313, 311 (illus.), 314, 316 (illus.)
South Africa: family culture in, 275; youth programs in, 267, 283, 296–298
South Carolina, youth programs in, 60
Southern California conference, 169–171, 170 (illus.)
Spannaus, Andrea Muñoz, 323–324
Special Interest class, 343
Special Needs Mutual, 313
spirituality and faith: in achievement programs, 210; and baptisms for the dead, 93–94; and concern for temple participation, 92–94; crisis of modern, 114–119, 121–122; and cultural identity, 124, 125–127, 189; daughters of God, identity as, 227, 238, 247, 264, 268, 282, 292, 319; as fundamental to YLMIA, 57; and genealogical work, 93, 106–108, 304 (illus.), 307–308; and psychology of religion, 52; and recreation, 62–64, 69, 80–81, 90–92, 97, 119–120, 262, 291, 292; Sunday religious instruction, 224–225, 285–287, 314; and temple ordinances, 82, 193, 255, 305; and temple participation, 92–94, 193, 255, 285, 305, 306 (illus.), 309 (illus.), 318–319; testimonies of, 34–35, 57, 251–253; and Treasures of Truth program, 106–110. See also Jesus Christ; morality; values
Spofford, Grace, 159
sports programs, 64, 152–155, 154 (illus.), 390n77
stake conventions. See conventions
standards events, 261
Stapley, Delbert L., 185
Stark, Hilda, 16
Stewart, Charlotte, 97
Strauss, William, 353n8
summer activities. See camps; Scouting programs
Sunday class meetings, for young women, 224–225, 285–287, 314
Sunday School: attendance records, 150, 172; in early church history, 4; funding, 42; and Social Advisory Committee, 76; For the Strength of Youth update, 259–260
superintendency, as term, 357n130
Sweden, youth programs in, 125
Switzerland, youth programs in, 109–110, 113
T
Tabernacle Choir, 158
Tait, John, 24
Talmage, James E., 115
Talmage, May Booth, 54, 57, 355n82
Tanner, Susan Winder, 282, 285, 291, 292, 293, 336
Taylor, Elmina Shepard, 32 (illus.), 333; death, 53; leadership as president, 22, 24, 29, 31, 33, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 53, 325, 352n119, 357n130; life experience, 22, 53; mentioned, 52; on YLMIA–YMMIA collaboration, 24, 47, 49, 366n259
Taylor, George, 22
Taylor, John, 21
Taylor, Karen, 216
Taylor, Margaret Young, 22, 351n107
Taylor, Rachel Grant, 62, 361n74, 368n57
Taylor, Rama, 216
Taylor, Sharon, 216
teenager, as term, 129
temple participation, 92–94, 193, 255, 285, 305, 306 (illus.), 309 (illus.), 318–319
testimonies of faith, 34–35, 57, 251–253
Texas, youth programs in, 171
Thatcher, Fanny Young, 22
theater productions, 84–87, 85 (illus.). See also film productions
Theme Festival and Honor Night, 129–130
themes, 245, 246, 319–320. See also mottos and slogans
Third Convention (Mexico), 114
Thomas, Carol Burdett, 278–279
Till, Mary Ann, 350n71
Tingey, Martha Horne, 32 (illus.), 333; leadership as counselor, 22, 29, 366n268; leadership as president, 53–54, 82, 102, 271
Tobiasson, Ellie, 308
transfer card system, 133–134, 149
Treasures of Truth program, 106–110, 211, 212
Tsedendorj, Doka, 288
Tucker, Emily Newcombe, 351n85
Turley, Maurine Johnson, 234, 240, 248
U
University of Utah, 19, 191, 192, 351n93
V
values: fireside on, 244, 246–248, 249 (illus.); identification of, for Young Women, 235–238; initiative proposal and approval, 241–245, 246; integrated in camp programs, 261; integrated in Personal Progress program, 255–256, 296; as term, 236–237; theme, 245, 246; virtue added to list of, 295–298
Vanguards, 99
Van Mondfrans, Cornelia, 189
Vietnam War (1955–1975), 191
virginity and chastity, 117, 121, 164–165, 375n96, 185, 256, 281, 292–294, 296. See also modesty; morality
virtue, as value, 295–298, 297 (illus.). See also morality
vocation. See employment
volunteer service, 76, 136–138, 217–220, 310–313, 314, 219 (illus.), 311 (illus.), 316 (illus.). See also social work
W
Wallace, Bernadine, 169
Warhol, Andy, 191
Washington (state), youth programs in, 125
Wells, Daniel H., 19
Wells, Junius, 19, 23–24, 25, 57, 351n98, 352n122, 359n189
Wells, Leah, 148
Wells, Louisa “Louie,” 22, 351n107
Wells, Sharlene, 240
West, Laura, 253
Western Boom, The (serialized novel), 56
Wheat, Jacklyn, 225
Wheeler, Gloria, 192
Whitney, Orson F., History of Utah, 33
Widtsoe, John A., 116, 119, 120
Wilkins, Richard, 389n22
Williams, Helen Spencer, 117, 128
Willie, M. A., xi
Wing, Velma, A Bee-Hive Girl’s Fantasy (with Marguerite Gordon), 86
witnesses, women serving as, 318–319, 396n88
Wixom, Rosemary Mix, 305
Woman’s Exponent (newspaper), 16, 18, 20, 30
women’s movement, 213–215, 220–221, 222, 232
Wood, Ada, 24
Woodruff, Helen Winters, 355n82
Woodruff, Wilford, 29
Woodworth, Grace, 319
World Congress of Recreation and Leisure, 159
World War I (1914–1918), 76
World War II (1939–1945): beginning of, 128; defense industries, 131–132; end and aftermath, 140–141; military service, 130–131; mission leadership during, 128–129; moral standards during, 134–135; youth programs during, 132
writing pursuits: emphasized in youth programs, 16, 25; Treasures of Truth program, 106–110, 211, 212. See also Improvement Era; Young Woman’s Journal
Y
Yates, Sara, 180
YLMIA/YWMIA. See Young Ladies’/Women’s Mutual Improvement Association
YMMIA. See Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Association
Young, Brigham: family of, 7–9, 10, 11 (illus.), 12; identification of Salt Lake Temple site, 295, 296; improvement association initiative, 19, 20, 23, 56–57, 98; priesthood quorum initiative, 21; retrenchment initiative, 5, 7
Young, Morris, 351n98
Young, Zina D. H., 34
Young Ladies’ Department of the Ladies’ Cooperative Retrenchment Association: dress reform, 13–14, 349n49; establishment of, 7–9; generational dynamics, 9–12; improvement emphasis, 14–16. See also Young Ladies’/Women’s Mutual Improvement Association (YLMIA/YWMIA)
Young Ladies’ Gem (newspaper), 16
Young Ladies’/Women’s Mutual Improvement Association (YLMIA/YWMIA): age requirements, 94–95, 145–146; autonomy of, efforts to preserve, 47–48, 72, 199; centennial celebration (1969), 194–196, 195 (illus.); and centralization of auxiliary budgets, 199; classes and programs, 339–343 (see also achievement programs; Bee-Hive Girls; Gleaner Girls; June Conference; Junior class; Junior Gleaners; Laurel class; Mia Maids; recreation; Senior class); codes of conduct, 185–187, 186 (illus.); education initiatives and curriculum, 33–35, 94–97; enrollment and attendance campaigns, 149–150; enrollment and attendance statistics, 364n183, 133, 140, 150, 172, 175, 181; film productions, 161–163; fostering culture of youth leadership, 196–197; fundraising initiatives, 42–45, 68, 356n103, 356n107; Susa Gates’ History, 56–57, 359n185; goals of, 14–16; handbooks, 94, 97–99, 112–113, 172, 188, 365n238, 378n68; leadership manuals, 150–151; leadership structure (see general boards; presidencies, class; presidencies, general); magazines and newsletters (see Improvement Era; MIA Leader; New Era; Young Woman’s Journal); meeting protocols and calendar, 16–18, 54–56, 122, 129, 151; mission branches, challenges of, 172–173, 188; mission branches, leadership of, 114; mottos and slogans, 70–71, 122, 361n78; name changes, 15, 20, 122–123, 206, 350n71; and New Woman ideal, 39–40, 54; organizational restructuring, 199–201, 200 (illus.), 203–206 (see also Young Women organization); response to World War I and influenza pandemic, 76–77; response to World War II, 132–132, 135–136; service work, 76, 136–138; transfer card system, 133–134, 149; YMMIA partnership and collaboration dynamics, 23–26, 45–49, 50–51, 55, 58, 97, 99–100
Young Marrieds class, 343
Young Men organization: codes of conduct, 259–260, 321–322; disparities with Young Women organization, 242–243; name changed to, 208; organizational restructuring, 318; relationship with Young Women organization, 208, 220, 235, 262–264, 325; theme, 319
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 64
Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Association (YMMIA): classes and programs, 69–70, 99, 106, 125, 127, 148, 151, 158, 288, 315; codes of conduct, 185–187, 186 (illus.); efforts to revive, 45, 47; establishment of, 19–20, 57; handbooks, 97–99, 365n238; magazines and newsletters (see Contributor; Improvement Era; MIA Leader); mottos and slogans, 70–71, 122, 361n78; organizational restructuring, 199–201, 200 (illus.), 203–208 (see also Young Men organization); and Social Advisory Committee, 76; YLMIA partnership and collaboration dynamics, 23–26, 45–49, 50–51, 55, 58, 97, 99–100 (see also June Conference)
Young Womanhood Recognition medallion, 216, 256, 285
Young Woman’s Journal (magazine), 44 (illus.); coverage of Gold and Green Balls, 84; coverage of influenza pandemic and war, 76–77; coverage of Jubilee, 89; coverage of National Council of Women activity, 40; establishment of, 29–30; female office staff, 38; funding, 43, 356n107; lessons in, 34; merger with Improvement Era, 100–101, 366n259; motto of, 70; read at YLMIA meetings, 56; series on drama productions, 86, 87; series on mainstream higher education, 37; series on physical activity, 39–40, 64, 81, 365n211, 41 (illus.); series on social work, 78; series on spirituality, 93–94; series on vocational opportunities, 37–38
Young Women Handbook, 382n90, 260–261
Young Women in Excellence event, 261, 287
Young Women organization: achievement programs, 211–213, 215–216, 217 (see also Personal Progress program); activity planning and events, 260–261, 285–287; age requirements, 317; anniversary celebration (1988), 254; budget for, 318; chronology, 327–331; classes, 339–343 (see also Bee-Hive Girls; Laurel class; Mia Maids); codes of conduct, 259–260, 321–322; enrollment and attendance statistics, 222, 384n22, 386n86, 390n77; fostering culture of youth leadership, 217–220, 325; genealogical work, 307–308; global relevancy efforts, 271, 272, 283–285; handbooks, 216, 260–261, 382n90; logo, 253–254, 257 (illus.); missionary preparation, 301–302; mission branches, challenges of, 271; organizational restructuring, 206–208, 315–318; relationship with Young Men organization, 208, 220, 235, 262–264, 325; scholarship on, xii–xiv; service work, 217–220, 219 (illus.), 310–313, 311 (illus.), 314, 316 (illus.); sesquicentennial celebration (2020), 322; Sunday class meetings, 224–225, 285–287, 314; themes, 245, 246, 319–320. See also values; Young Ladies’/Women’s Mutual Improvement Association (YLMIA/YWMIA)
Young Women’s Bible Training Movement, 67
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), 61, 64
youth, defining, 10–12, 51–52, 129
youth.lds.org, 280
Z
Zabriskie, Alva, 55